- The Ancient Mariner
And some liberals might actually be figuring that out, and of course, some just want more regulation.
The liberals' fury at the President is almost as astounding as their outrage over the discovery that oil companies and their regulators might have grown too cozy. In economic literature, this behavior is known as "regulatory capture," and the current political irony is that this is a long-time conservative critique of the regulatory state.
The Nobel economist George Stigler of the University of Chicago was one of the concept's main developers, and it is a seminal plank of the "public choice" school of economics for which James Buchanan won the economics Nobel in 1986. Ronald Reagan warned about this in different words in one of his farewell speeches.
In the better economic textbooks, regulatory capture is described as a "government failure," as opposed to a market failure. It refers to the fact that individuals or companies with the highest interest or stake in a policy outcome will be able to focus their energies on politicians and bureaucracies to get the outcome they prefer.
Perhaps if liberals read more conservative economists, they might understand that this is a common consequence of the regulatory state that they have so diligently constructed over the decades. It is also a main reason that many of us are skeptical of the regulatory solutions routinely offered in response to every accident or business failure.
We should add that so far, based on the available evidence, we don't know if this spill really was a regulatory failure. But no matter, the same liberals who made oil drilling one of the most regulated activities on Earth are now busy deploring the energy bureaucracy and rearranging it so that (they promise) this will never happen again. Sound at all like the financial panic and the new re-regulatory remedy?
How remarkable it is to see a President who has put such exorbitant faith in the power of government being excoriated by his allies for a government failure. It's almost as astonishing as seeing Carol Browner, the White House green czar and long-time scourge of fossil fuels, being interrogated on NBC for excessive deference to Big Oil. Sometimes life really is fair.
What is "Regulatory Capture"? I'm glad you asked!
Regulatory capture occurs when a state regulatory agency created to act in the public interest instead acts in favor of the commercial or special interests that dominate in the industry or sector it is charged with regulating. Regulatory capture is a form of government failure, as it can act as an encouragement for large firms to produce negative externalities. The agencies are called Captured Agencies.
For public choice theorists, regulatory capture occurs because groups or individuals with a high-stakes interest in the outcome of policy or regulatory decisions can be expected to focus their resources and energies in attempting to gain the policy outcomes they prefer, while members of the public, each with only a tiny individual stake in the outcome, will ignore it altogether. Regulatory capture refers to when this imbalance of focused resources devoted to a particular policy outcome is successful at "capturing" influence with the staff or commission members of the regulatory agency, so that the preferred policy outcomes of the special interest are implemented.
Regulatory capture theory is a core focus of the branch of public choice referred to as the economics of regulation; economists in this specialty are critical of conceptualizations of governmental regulatory intervention as being motivated to protect public good.
The risk of regulatory capture suggests that regulatory agencies should be protected from outside influence as much as possible, or else not created at all. A captured regulatory agency that serves the interests of its invested patrons with the power of the government behind it is often worse than no regulation whatsoever.
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That's not true at all, Weekend Fisher.
In 2009, the countries perceived as most corrupt in citizen public-opinion surveys were Afghanistan and Somalia, which have practically no central governments at all. The countries perceived as least corrupt, on the other hand, were New Zealand, Denmark, Singapore, and Sweden, all of which have strong central governments and robust regulatory/welfare states. (Denmark and Sweden may have the highest per-GDP spending on welfare in the world, according to Wikipedia; in Singapore, the national government actually bans the sale of chewing gum.)
A lot of factors influence the public corruption level, but the sheer size of the government doesn't have much to do with it. Transparency is what matters. Weak states almost always have high corruption because they don't compensate and oversee local officials well enough; strong states without independent media channels lack public oversight thus have high corruption as well.
The fact that regulatory agencies can be "captured" is not, by itself, evidence that there should be fewer regulatory agencies -- any more than the fact that the police in some countries shoot dissidents is evidence that we need fewer police. It's just evidence that we need better means of keeping regulators accountable and independent.
(I oringally had more links in this comment to document my remarks about the size of different countries' welfare states, but the blog thought I was posting spam.)
My view of "regulatory capture" has very little to do with corruption (per se) or even the need to keep regulators accountable or independent. It is, instead, the (ironic) response to a regulated environment by those companies that are big enough to absorb more regulation - if they play their cards right, they can regulate their smaller competition right out of the marketplace. That's why some "big oil" companies (like BP) are/were in favor of Cap and Trade.
Agreed. The ability of huge corporations to use regulatory agencies against competitors is a major problem. However, that's still a problem of how regulation is done, not how much of it there is. Before the American regulatory state was established, cartels like Standard Oil, the House of Morgan, and United States Steel were much more effective at driving out competition than they've ever been since federal oversight was established. (In 1890, for example, Standard Oil controlled about 90 percent of America's refined oil trade.)
Actually, I need to modify what I just wrote, which is simplistic. I do think there are certain kinds of regulation that categorically make it harder for small firms to compete. In the case of regulations that cover daily operations in minute detail, it is likely that "more regulation" will mean both much higher capital and personnel costs, which will keep smaller firms out of an industry, and much higher relative costs per unit of production for small firms, since they don't benefit as much from economies of scale.
However, this is sometimes clearly worth the reduction in competition. For example, it may be worth it for the public to have fewer food and drug suppliers to choose from, if that means the public can trust its food and drugs not to be poisoned, adulterated, or carcinogenic. It may also be worth it for there to be fewer hospitals or electrical wiring companies or architectural design firms, if we can trust that they have the expensive training and equipment they need to operate safely.
Similarly, if more precise offshore-oil-drilling regulations will mean less destruction of coastal economies and wildlife sanctuaries, then those regulations may be worth the reduction in oil field competition. In any case, the fact that those regulations have been poorly enforced, or written in ways that give large companies too much power, does not necessarily mean we need fewer laws or fewer enforcement officials. It presumably just means we need better (possibly, but not necessarily, more) laws and better (possibly, but not necessarily, more) enforcement officials.
In the case of this man-made disaster that seems to have occurred, at least in part, because of inadequate or poorly maintained equipment and premature decisions made despite evidence of developing problems, it is reasonable to suppose (1) that less regulation would not have prevented the disaster, and (2) that better regulation might have.
Jonathan
I'm definitely not in favor of no regulation. Drilling for oil is expensive, complicated, and dangerous - it needs to be done with utmost safety.
I'm in the energy business meself (natural gas) - it's very frustrating because BP had a bad safety record before this, and it was a string of numerous failures that led to this.
If someone in the regulatory side let things slide, that's a big, big problem.
On the other hand, I wish the regulatory side could be de-politicized. Take Sarbanes-Oxley (please!) - A political over-reaction to a real problem that has sucked billions of dollars of productivity out of our economy.
I'm expecting a number of the people in Washington (who know absolutely nothing about hydrocarbons exploration) to over-react and create a bunch more regulations that won't do anything to keep us safer.
Hopefully I'm wrong.
I think we're generally in agreement on this one, Bill. I'm sure we would err on different sides of safety, and probably have different long-term visions for the US economy, but in the near term we're probably similarly skeptical of demagoguery and window-dressing -- from either direction.

Which works out to "incentive for corruption". Big governments -- so far inevitably -- have become corrupt ones.